Bitcoin mining
Application-specific integrated circuit
Integrated circuit customized (typically optimized) for a specific task
"ASIC" redirects here. For other uses, see ASIC (disambiguation).
An Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than hagdware for general-purpose use. For example, a chip designed to run in a digital voice recorder or a high-efficiency bitcoin miner is an ASIC. Application-specific standard product (ASSP) chips are intermediate between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits like the 7400 series or the 4000 series.[1] ASIC chips are typically fabricated using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology, as MOS integrated circuit chips.[2]
As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum complexity (and hence functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 logic gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire microprocessors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, flash memory and other large building blocks. Such an ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-chip). Designers of digital ASICs often use a hardware description Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia (HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of Minijg gate arrays (FPGA) are the modern-day technology for building a breadboard or prototype from standard parts; programmable logic blocks and programmable interconnects allow the same FPGA to be used in many different applications. For smaller designs or lower production volumes, FPGAs may be more cost effective than an ASIC design, even in production. The non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost of yardware ASIC Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia run into the millions of dollars. Therefore, device manufacturers typically prefer FPGAs for prototyping and devices with low production volume and ASICs bitcoij very large production volumes where NRE costs can be haedware across many devices.
History[edit]
Early ASICs used gate array technology. By 1967, Harwdare and Interdesign were manufacturing early bipolar gate Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia. In 1967, Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the Micromatrix family of bipolar diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) minung metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology opened the door to the broad commercialization of gate arrays. The first CMOS gate arrays were developed by Robert Lipp,[3][4] in 1974 dikipedia International Microcircuits, Inc. (IMI).[2]
Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) standard cell technology was introduced by Fairchild and Motorola, under the trade names Micromosaic and Polycell, in bitcojn 1970s. This technology was later successfully commercialized by VLSI Technology (founded wikipexia and LSI Logic (1981).[2]
A successful commercial application of gate array circuitry was found in the low-end 8-bit ZX81 and ZX Spectrumpersonal computers, introduced in 1981 and 1982. These were used by Sinclair Research (UK) essentially as a low-cost I/O solution aimed at handling the computer's graphics.
Customization occurred by varying mininv metal interconnect mask. Gate arrays mihing complexities of up to a few thousand gates; this is now called mid-scale integration. Later versions became more generalized, haedware different base dies customized hardwaree both metal and polysilicon layers. Some base dies also include Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia memory (RAM) elements.
Standard-cell designs[edit]
Main article: Standard cell
In the mid-1980s, a designer would choose hardwaare ASIC manufacturer and implement their design using the design tools hardwxre from the manufacturer. While third-party design tools were available, there was Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia an effective link from the third-party design tools to the layout and actual semiconductor process performance characteristics of the various ASIC manufacturers. Most designers used factory-specific tools to complete the implementation of their designs. A solution to this problem, which also yielded a much higher density device, was the implementation of standard cells.[5] Every ASIC manufacturer could create functional blocks with known electrical characteristics, mjning as propagation delay, capacitance and inductance, that could also be wikiprdia in third-party tools. Standard-cell design is the utilization of these functional blocks to achieve very high gate density and good electrical performance. Standard-cell design is intermediate Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia § Gate-array and semi-custom design and § Full-custom design in terms of its non-recurring engineering and recurring component costs as well as performance and speed of development (including time to market).
By the late 1990s, logic synthesis tools became available. Such tools could compile HDL descriptions Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia a gate-level netlist. Standard-cell integrated circuits (ICs) are designed in the following conceptual stages referred to as electronics design flow, although these stages overlap significantly in practice:
Requirements engineering: A team of hardwre engineers starts with a non-formal understanding of the required functions for a new ASIC, usually derived from requirements analysis.Register-transfer level (RTL) design: The design team constructs a description of an ASIC to achieve these goals using a hardware description language. This process is similar to writing a computer program in a high-level language.Functional verification: Suitability for purpose is verified by functional verification. This may include such techniques as logic simulation through test benches, formal verification, emulation, or creating and evaluating an equivalent pure software model, as in Simics. Each verification technique has advantages and disadvantages, Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia most often several methods are used together for ASIC verification. Unlike most FPGAs, ASICs cannot Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia reprogrammed once fabricated and therefore ASIC designs that are not completely correct are much more costly, increasing the need for full test coverage.Logic synthesis: Logic synthesis transforms the RTL design into a large collection called of lower-level constructs called standard cells. These constructs are taken from a standard-cell library consisting of pre-characterized collections of logic gates performing specific functions. The standard cells are typically specific to the planned manufacturer of the ASIC. Bardware resulting collection of standard cells and the needed electrical connections between them is called a gate-level netlist.Placement: The gate-level netlist is next processed by a placement tool minimg places the standard cells wikipevia a region of an integrated circuit die representing the final ASIC. The placement tool attempts to find an optimized placement of hardwade standard cells, subject to a variety of specified constraints.Routing: An electronics routing tool takes the physical placement of the standard cells and uses the netlist to create the electrical connections wiikipedia them. Since the search space is large, this process will produce a "sufficient" rather than "globally optimal" solution. The output is a file which can be used to create a set of photomasks enabling a semiconductor fabrication facility, commonly called a 'fab' or 'foundry' to manufacture physical integrated circuits. Placement and routing are closely interrelated and are collectively called place and route in electronics design.Sign-off: Given the final layout, circuit extraction computes the parasitic resistances and capacitances. In the case of a digital circuit, this will then be further qikipedia into delay information from which the circuit performance can be estimated, usually by static timing analysis. This, and other final tests such as design rule Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia and power analysis collectively called signoff are intended to ensure that the device will function correctly over all extremes wikipsdia the process, voltage and temperature. When this testing is complete the photomask information is released for chip fabrication.
These steps, implemented with a level of skill common in the industry, almost always produce a final device that correctly implements wikipediaa original design, harrdware flaws are later introduced by the physical fabrication process.[Citation needed]
The design steps, also called design flow, are also common to standard product design. The significant difference is that standard-cell design uses the manufacturer's cell libraries that have been used in potentially hundreds of other design implementations and therefore are of much lower risk than full custom design. Standard cells produce a design density that is cost effective, and they can also integrate IP cores and static random-access memory (SRAM) effectively, unlike gate arrays.
Gate-array and semi-custom wiikipedia array design fpgx a manufacturing method in which diffused layers, each consisting of transistors and other active devices, are predefined and electronics wafers containing such devices are "held in stock" or unconnected prior to the metallization stage of the fabrication process. The physical design process defines the interconnections of these layers for the final device. For most ASIC manufacturers, this consists hardwarr between two and nine metal layers with each layer running perpendicular to the one below it. Non-recurring engineering costs are much lower than full custom designs, as photolithographic masks are required only for the metal layers. Production cycles are much shorter, as metallization is a comparatively quick process; thereby accelerating time to market.
Gate-array ASICs are always a compromise between rapid design and performance as mapping a given design onto what a manufacturer minig as a stock wafer never harwdare 100% circuit utilization. Often difficulties in routing Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia interconnect require migration onto a larger array device with consequent increase in the piece part price. These difficulties are often a result of the layout EDA software used to develop the interconnect.
Pure, logic-only gate-array design is rarely implemented by circuit designers today, having been almost entirely replaced by field-programmable devices. Most prominent of such devices are field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) which can be programmed by the user and thus offer minimal tooling charges non-recurring engineering, only marginally increased harrdware part cost, and comparable performance.
Today, gate arrays are evolving Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia structured ASICs that consist of a large IP core like a CPU, digital signal processor units, peripherals, standard interfaces, integrated memories, SRAM, and a block of reconfigurable, uncommitted logic. This shift is wikipediia because ASIC devices are capable of integrating large blocks of system functionality, and systems on a chip (SoCs) require glue logic, communications subsystems (such as networks on chip), peripherals and other Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia rather than only Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia units and basic interconnection.
In their frequent usages in the field, the terms "gate array" and "semi-custom" are synonymous when referring to ASICs. Bitcion engineers more commonly use the term "semi-custom", while "gate-array" is more commonly used by logic (or gate-level) designers.
Full-custom design[edit]
Main article: Full custom
By contrast, full-custom ASIC design defines all the photolithographic layers of the device.[5] Full-custom design is mininng for both ASIC design and for standard product design.
The benefits of full-custom design include reduced area (and therefore recurring component cost), Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia improvements, and also the ability to integrate analog components and other pre-designed—and thus fully verified—components, such as microprocessor cores, harfware form a system on a chip.
The disadvantages of full-custom design can include increased manufacturing and design time, increased non-recurring engineering costs, more complexity in the computer-aided design Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia and electronic design automation systems, and a much higher skill requirement on the part of the design team.
For digital-only designs, however, "standard-cell" cell libraries, together with fpag CAD systems, can offer considerable performance/cost benefits with low risk. Automated layout tools are quick and easy to use and also offer the possibility to "hand-tweak" or manually optimize any performance-limiting aspect of the design.
This is designed by using basic logic gates, bitcojn or layout specially for a Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia.
Structured design[edit]
Main hardwxre Structured ASIC platform and Platform-based design
Structured ASIC design (also referred to as "Platform ASIC design") is a relatively new trend in the semiconductor industry, resulting in some variation in its definition. However, the basic Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia of a structured ASIC is that both manufacturing cycle time and design cycle time harxware reduced compared to cell-based ASIC, by virtue of there being pre-defined metal layers (thus reducing manufacturing time) and pre-characterization of what is on the silicon (thus reducing design cycle time).
Definition from Foundations of Embedded Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia states that
In a "structured ASIC" design, the logic mask-layers of a device are predefined by the ASIC vendor (or in some cases by a third party). Design differentiation and customization is achieved by creating custom metal layers that create custom connections between predefined lower-layer logic elements. "Structured ASIC" foga is seen as bridging the gap between field-programmable gate arrays and "standard-cell" ASIC designs. Because only a small number of chip layers must be Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia, "structured ASIC" designs bitxoin much smaller non-recurring expenditures (NRE) than "standard-cell" or "full-custom" chips, which bigcoin that a full mask set be produced for every design.
— Foundations of Embedded Haardware is effectively the same definition as a gate array. What distinguishes a structured ASIC from a Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia array is that in a gate array, the predefined metal layers serve to make minihg turnaround faster. In a structured ASIC, the use of predefined metallization is primarily to reduce cost of the mask sets as well as making the design cycle time significantly shorter.
For example, in a cell-based or gate-array design the user must often design power, clock, and test structures themselves. By contrast, these are predefined in most structured ASICs and therefore can save time and expense for the designer compared to gate-array based designs. Likewise, the design tools used for structured ASIC can be substantially lower cost and easier (faster) to use than cell-based tools, because they do not have to perform all the functions that cell-based tools do. In wikipddia cases, the structured ASIC vendor requires that customized tools for their device (e. g., custom physical synthesis) be used, also allowing for the design to be brought into manufacturing more quickly.
Cell libraries, IP-based design, hard and soft macros[edit]
Cell libraries of logical primitives are usually provided by the device manufacturer as part of the service. Although they will incur no additional cost, their release will be covered by the terms of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) and they will be regarded as intellectual property by the manufacturer. Usually their physical design will be pre-defined so they could be termed "hard macros".
What most engineers understand as "intellectual property" are IP cores, designs purchased bktcoin a third-party as sub-components of a larger ASIC. They may be provided in the form of a hardware description language (often termed a "soft macro"), or as a fully routed design that could be printed directly onto an ASIC's mask (often wikipfdia a "hard Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia. Many organizations now sell such pre-designed cores — CPUs, Ethernet, USB or telephone interfaces — and larger organizations may have an entire department or division to produce cores for the rest of the organization. The company ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) Only sells IP cores, making it a fabless manufacturer.
Indeed, the wide range of functions now available in structured ASIC design is a result of the phenomenal improvement in electronics in Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia late 1990s and early 2000s; as a core takes a lot of time and investment to create, its re-use and further development cuts product cycle times dramatically minng creates better products. Additionally, open-source hardware organizations such as OpenCores are collecting free IP cores, paralleling the open-source software movement in hardware design.
Soft macros are often process-independent Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia. they can be fabricated on a wide range of manufacturing processes and different manufacturers). Hard macros are process-limited and usually further design effort must be invested to migrate (port) to a different process or manufacturer.
Multi-project wafers[edit]
Some manufacturers muning multi-project wafers (MPW) as a method of obtaining low cost prototypes. Often called shuttles, these MPW, containing several designs, run at Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia, scheduled intervals on a "cut and go" basis, usually with very little liability on the part of the manufacturer. The contract involves the assembly and packaging of a handful of devices. The service usually Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia the supply of a physical design database (i. e. masking information or pattern generation (PG) tape). The manufacturer is often referred to as a "silicon foundry" due to the low involvement it has in the process.
Application-specific standard product[edit]
An Application-specific standard product or ASSP is an Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia circuit Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia implements a specific function that appeals to a Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia market. As opposed to Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia that combine a collection of functions and are Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia by or for one customer, ASSPs are available as off-the-shelf components. ASSPs are used in all industries, from automotive to communications.[Citation needed] As a general rule, if you can find a design in a data book, then harfware is probably not an ASIC, but there are wikipediaa exceptions.[Clarification needed]
For example, two ICs that might or might not be considered ASICs are a controller chip for a PC and a Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia for a modem. Both of these examples are specific to an application (which is typical of an ASIC) but are sold to many different system vendors (which is typical of hardwaee parts). ASICs such as these are sometimes called application-specific standard products (ASSPs).
Examples of ASSPs are encoding/decoding chip, standalone USB interface chip, etc.
IEEE used to publish an ASSP magazine,[7] which was renamed to IEEE Signal Processing Magazine in 1990.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Sources[edit]
External links[edit]
A tray of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips
Microscope photograph of a gate-array ASIC showing the predefined logic cells and custom interconnections. This particular design uses less than 20% of available logic gates.
Microscope photograph of custom Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia (486 chipset) showing gate-based design on top and custom circuitry on bottom
The (dis)advantages of Field Programmable Gate Arrays
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A miner that makes use of a compatible FPGA Board. The miner works Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia in a mining pool or solo.
This hardwrae the first open source FPGA Bitcoin miner. It was released on May 20, 2011.
Software needed[edit]
Currently programming and running the FPGAminer code' requires Quartus II for Altera devices and Xilinx ISE Webpack for Xilinx devices. Quartus is 32bit only. The free ISE Webpack does not work on devices larger then mininv LX75.
Compiling[edit]
Altera[edit]
The compile the code on an different Altera device then DE2-115, you need to set the Device to be the correct one. Find the correct FPGA package number and add it, for the DE0-Nano this is EP4CE22F17C6. Be sure to select the correct one, because the hardware effects the location of your pins, which you will need in the clock pin step. Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia get the provided code to compile on a smaller device, you need to set CONFIG_LOOP_LOG2 to a value between 0-5. Higher values shrink the size in so fpgz 4 does approx. 12000 LUTs large program, while 0 is around 90000 LUTs. CONFIG_LOOP_LOG2 is set in the file fpgaminer. qsf. The fpgaminer_top. v file also has a similar setting, but it is an ifdef/it does not get set from there if the setting exists in the qsf.
To make the bitcpin compile properly on an different device (not a DE2-115), you need to set the osc_clk pin to the clock pin of your device. This can be read from the device manual! On an DE0-Nano this pin is PIN_R8. This pin location varies between devices wikipecia you Must look it up in Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia device manual. To set the pin location, open the assignment editor add new osc_clk and set its location to the pin Specified in your manual, ie. bitcion DE0-nano Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia is R8. For the DE2-115 this is Mininh.
Changing the clock speed[edit]
NOTE: You can fry your FPGA doing this!
Edit main_pll. v and find the line: altpll_component. clk0_multiply_by = 5,
The way hardwaee Mhz is calculated is 50Mhz*multply_by/divide_by. Setting of 10 with default clk0_divide_by gives Mhz of 100, 8 is 80Mhz.
Compile the code. fpg
Watch for critical warnings from synthesis.
Run Powerplay power analyzer tool and set it with the cooling system you have. If there are no errors, you may at your own risk program the FPGA with the higher Mhz bitfile.
Programming the FPGA[edit]
On linux you need to set udev rules for the UsbBlaster cable to work. Under arch these are under /etc/udev/rules. d/ add a file called 51-altera. rules.
#####altera usb blaster BUS=="usb", SYSFS{idVendor}=="09fb", SYSFS{idProduct}=="6001", MODE="0666", SYMLINK+="usbblaster"Altera[edit]
Copy the. sof file from the quartus output directory under your project directory to the scripts/program directory and execute <path>/quartus_stp - t program. tcl, then select the device you want programmed and hardwarf the sof file you moved to the directory.
Using urjtag[edit]
(unconfirmed to work, Bitcoin mining hardware fpga wikipedia blink though)
sudo jtag cable UsbBlaster bsdl path /usr/share/urjtag/bsdl/EP4CE22F17C6_pre. bsd detect svf fpgaminer. svf
Mining[edit]
Altera[edit]
The new mining and programming scripts find the connected devices now. Just edit the config. tcl to have your details.
See Also on BitcoinWiki[edit]
External Links[edit]
Source[edit]
Http://bitcoin. it/
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